Horse mackerel

Critical fail: The horse mackerel population (or stock) in this region is depleted to such low levels that recruitment may be impaired, and without a recovery plan in place. Zero catch is advised but advice is not being followed.

The 2023 stock assessment shows the western horse mackerel population (or stock) to be at depleted levels', lower than the biomass limit (Blim) whereby recruitment may be impaired. The populations spawning stock biomass (707,811 tonnes, in 2023) has been below Blim (834,480 tonnes) for the last decade.

Fishing pressures have reduced, 0.075 in 2022, in recent years but remains just above FMSY of 0.074 (the maximum rate of fishing mortality, i.e. the proportion of a fish stock caught and removed by fishing, that can sustain a healthy population level). ICES advises that when the MSY approach and precautionary considerations are applied, there should be zero catch in 2024. The spawning stock is forecast to remain below Blim in 2025 even under a scenario of zero catch in 2024.

Horse mackerel in the Northeast Atlantic is separated into three stocks: North Sea, Southern, and Western.

This fishery has a default red rating due to biomass concerns.

Management of this fishery is ineffective, as the population level has dropped below the limit point whereby recruitment may be impaired and fishing pressure remaining too high. There is no specific management plan for horse mackerel in this area. A precautionary recovery plan is being developed for the fishery to help to rebuild the stocks, but this is yet to be implemented.

This fishery is currently managed by annual Total Allowable Catch (TAC) limits. TACs have been set in line with scientific advice since 2018. However, in 2023 zero catch was advised, the advice was not followed and a TAC was agreed. Compliance to the TAC is high, with total annual catches on average 94% of the TAC; 2018-2022. Historically, TACs have not limited catches and with significant reduction in the TAC and advice since 2020, it appears the have been low enough to limit catches.

The Marine Management Organisation (MMO) has a 15 cm minimum conservation reference size (MCRS) in place for horse mackerel caught in UK waters. This provides some protection to immature fish, however, length at fist maturity is on average 24.3 cm. Fish caught below this length would likely not have had the chance to reproduce.

Discarding in the target pelagic fisheries is considered minimal. The average discard rate over 2018–2022 is 3%.

A comprehensive genetic research project on stock identification of horse mackerel is currently being carried out. There are potential issues with stock boundaries for the species, and these are subject to ongoing investigation.

In the EU, compliance with regulations has been variable, and there are ongoing challenges with implementing some of them.

In the UK, it is too early to tell how effective management is, as the Fisheries Act only came into force in January 2021. The Act requires the development of Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs). FMPs are currently in development, but the scope of them remains unclear. They have the potential to be very important tools for managing UK fisheries, although data limitations may delay them for some stocks. MCS is keen to see publicly available FMPs for all commercially exploited stocks, especially where stocks are depleted, that include:

• Targets for fishing pressure and biomass, and additional management when those targets are not being met, based on the best available scientific evidence
• Timeframes for stock recovery
• Improved data collection, transparency and accountability, supported by technologies such as Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM)
• Consideration of wider environmental impacts of the fishery

This fishery has a default red rating due to biomass concerns.

Western horse mackerel is targeted by purse-seines (or ring nets), that do not touch the sea floor and tend have very little bycatch of other species.

Horse mackerel is a marine mid-water (or pelagic) species. Adults form large schools in coastal areas with sandy substrate, often found in depths between 100-200 meters. In earlier years most horse mackerel catches were used for fish meal and oil while in recent years most of the catches have been used for human consumption.

In 2022, 17% of horse mackerel was caught by purse-seine. Other fishing methods (pelagic trawl 42%; unspecified* (*most of those catches are taken by pelagic trawls) and other gears 37%; otter trawl 4%) also contributed to catch, some of which landed horse mackerel as bycatch in non-directed fisheries.

Purse-seines are large nets used to surround a shoal of pelagic (or mid-water) fish, there is no intentional contact with the seabed, thus negligible impact on the seabed environment. Purse-seines are very species selective in operation, but on occasion can bycatch marine mammals, other pelagic fish and surface-dwelling birds on hauling. Larger fish or cetaceans can normally be released by dipping the float line which allows them to swim out without too many targeted fish escaping. Several commercially exploited species are found alongside horse mackerel, such as Mediterranean horse mackerel and blue jack mackerel, which may also be caught in the fishery.

UK regulations to reduce the impacts of fishing on marine habitats and wider species are under development, in the meantime most EU regulation have been adopted. Under EU legislation, bycatch species should be managed within scientifically defined or, where data isn’t available, suitability precautionary sustainable exploration limits. If stocks fall below a certain threshold, measures can be brought in such as gear limitations (e.g., mesh size or depth of use), time and/or areas closures, and Minimum Conservation Reference Sizes (MCRS).